Administration

                 (Meanings of motivation) (1)Motivation is derived from the latin word 'em overe' which means 'to move' (2)Motivation is the complex forces starting and keeping a person to work in an organisation. (3)Motivation is something moves a person into action and continues     him in the course of certain already initiated. (4)Stand by vances opines that 'Motivation' implies any motion or desire which so conditioned one's will that the individual is propelled into action. (5)Dale and beach felt motivation as 'a willingness to expand energy to    achieve a goal or reward. (6) Shartle opines motivation as a reported urge or tension to move in a   given direction or to achieve a certain goals. (7) According to the above definitions motivation is considered as the art  of stimulating people to take desirsed course of action.     (The objectives of motivation) (1)According to...

  (The fundamental and other rights guaranteed to the citizens) (1)Right to equality (2)Right to freedom (3)Right against exploitation (4)Right to freedom of religion (5)Cultural and educational rights (6)Right to constitutional remedies (7)Personal rights (8)Civil rights (9)Political rights (10)Trade union rights (11)Service rights.                        (Civil rights) (1)Right to private trade and employment. (2)Right to contract (3)Right to vindiction of his acts or character. (4)Subscription and gifts.      (Can civil servants express against any policy or actions of the government) (1)In india the civil servants have to seek prior permission of the competent     authorities for publishing book, article and speaking to general audiences. (2)In India, civil servants can't express against any policy or action of the     government. (3)They can't also expre...

(1)The recognition of the human dignity was one of the cardinal factors that lead to the resolutions   of the grievances of the employees in a peaceful manner in democratic method and at regular way. (2)Modern democratic governments with large scale administrative organisations committed to the all    round development of the society can't carry out their policies and programmes without the    active co-operation and participation of th employees. (3)Harmonious staff relations are absolutely necessary for administrative efficiency and it is not   possible for the government to maintain coordial relations without an effective form of consultation   and negotiation. (4)The civil service staff relations policies and programmes must be consistently based on the   principles of democratic government. (5)Strikes by the government employees it was realised, can't be prohibited without providing suitable    framewo...

        (Reasons for the association of civil servants) (1)Essential instruments for improving the welfare of employees. (2) Press  the government to become liberal in dealing with them. (3)In order to get their grievances and complaints heard through any government machinary they feel the necessity of forming staff association. (4)?In this associations employees feel better security, liberty and courage. (5)Make it possible for employees to express their day to day difficulties  and grievances to the administrative authorities. (6)Peculiar and diverse needs of the civil service can't be achieved without  collective representation and bargaining. (7)The original reasons for unionisation were the effects of continual internal reorganisational reform. (8)Security of employement and better condition of service.                  (the objective of employees unionS) To acquaint the governmen...

           (The essentials to ensure the practice of administrative ethics) (1)Faith, determination towards pursuit of excellence of service in their    professional activities. (2) Infusion of ethics into politics so that the political elite can      demonstrate integrity and in still faith among subordinates about their    fairness and impartiality. (3)Relations between citizens and personnel to create favourable opinion towards    public services. (4)Need for character building. (5)Impartiality. (6)Political neutrality.                (The causes for decline of integrity in civil services) (1)Historical causes environmental causes Economic causes. Lack of strong public opinion against the evil of corruption. Complicated and cumbersome procedures and working of government offices. Inadequate laws to deal with corruption. Undue protection given to...

 (The matters covered under the conduct rules) (1)Restrictions on political activities. (2)Restrictions on relationship with press, radio and outsiders and criticism of the government. (3)Restrictions on public demonstrations, presents etc. (4)Restrictions in matters of property, privatebusiness and investments.           (The causes of disciplinary proceedings) (1)Acts amouting to crimes (2) Conduct amouting to misdemeanour.            (The types of disciplinary action) (1) Formal disciplinary action             (1)Minor penalties                             (a)Censure                   (b)withholding of promotions.                   (c)Recovery from pay of the whole or part of any pecuniary loss c...

The methods of job evaluation       (1)Analytical       (2)Non-analytical               (a)Job ranking method               (b) job classification method (1)Analytical             (a)Weighted point assessment.             (b)factor comparison method                                    (b)(1) Select job factors or characterstics                  (b)(2) Constructs a scale for each job factor.                  (b)(3) Measures all jobs in terms of the yardsticks.                  (b)(4) Conducts wage survey for selected key jobs.             ...

(The need and importance of performance appraisal in personnel administration) (1) Through fair system of performance appraisal, the employees can be informed from time to time    about their own level of performance. (2) It helps to improve the organisational health, viability and growth through optimal utilisation   of human resources. (3) Performance appraisal is needed to prepare an employee to accept more responsibilities of the    higher post which he aspires through promotion. (4) It also pinpoints the shortcomings of an employee thus giving him a chance to improve.                  (Main objective of performance appraisal) (1)To carry out a fair and impartial assessment of the individuals working in the organisation. (2)To assess the extent of the various factors influencing the individuals performance. (3)To reward the capable and efficient employees. (4)To make opti...

(Importance of training in modern times and make a distinction between training and education) (1) In modern times, the administration has become more and more complex and complicated. (2)It requires special knowledge and technical skills. (3)College and university education doesn't fulfill the requirements of modern administration. (4)Training has now become an integral part of the modern personnel management. (5)It has been recognised by all the government that suitable and effective training programme for    their civil servants is absolutely necessary for efficientt and up-to-date administration. (6)Most of the selected persons are well qualifies and educated. (7) But the university degreee or diploma is not enough to make them best administrator. (8) It's necessary to have some practical knowledge of actual work of administration. The practical     knowledge is imparted through training. (9) Training prepares an employee ...

(The significance and meaning of promotion) (1)For a government servant promotion is a reward for his faithful and hardwork. (2)Without promotions we can't attract the best talents to join the government service. (3)We can't retain the most talented and potential person in the service. (4)We can't get the best from them for the service and for the nation. (5)We can't have the efficient, competent and satisfied civil servants in the country. (6)Promotions satisfy a natural human urge to make progress and advancement in life. (7)It gives moral boost to the employees. (8)For the government, promotion is a system of indirect recruitment that is filling up higher posts by selecting able and competent persons who are already in the service. (9)For the government servant, promotion is an advancement from a lower post, class or service to a   higher post, class or service involving higher duties, responsibilities and authority. (10)It ...

    (The importance of recruitment in personnel administration) (1)Recruitment is the most important in the administrative system. (2)The tone and calibre of the civil servant is decided by the process of recruitment. (3)Usefulness and relevance of the government and administration to the society, depends upon a sound     system of recruitment. (4)Recruitment is the entry point of the persons in the civil services. (5)It's the key to a strong public service. (6)No element of the career service is more important than the recruitment policy.                      (Important steps in the process of recruitment) (1)Recruitments of jobs/posts. (2)Determing qualifications, conditions and requirements. (3)Designing of the duplication forms. (4)Advertisement of the posts. (5)Scrutiny of applications. (6)Holding of examinations/interview/ test etc. (7)Certification (8)Selectio...

Policy making (1)Policy making is a variety of decision making. (2)It's arrived at through assessment of relevant facts. (3)It is a procedure that involves identification of problems, analysis, adoption of programme,       implementation and follow up. (4)Sometimes policy makers depend on their own particularistic expertise, knowledge           and experience to formulate policies.                      (The functions of personnel management in modern times) (1)Manpower planning (2)Cadre management. (3)Job evaluation (4) Position classification. (5)Careet systems planning. (6)Remuneration administration. (7)Motivation (8)Welfare programme. (9)Recruitment.             (The working of department of personnel) (1)The organisational structure of the department of personnel comprises policy and planning,   training, All in...

                    (Meaning of career planning and development) (1)(a)Career planning and development includes all those events an individual undergoes in an organisation during working period, which takes the person through hierarchic ladder with expansion in duties   and responsibilities with resultant increase in pay and states.    (b)It's a process which enables an organisation to meet its current and future manpower     requirement through provision of career opportunities for its employees.    (c)Planned and systematised progression of events in the field of work of individuals during       their employable periods of life.           (Meaning of monolithic career, cadre career and inter governmental career)   Monolithic career is one which an individual pursues in one institution. Cadre career-is one where person moves ...

                (The need for setting up of administrative tribunals) (1) To provide speedy and inexpensive relief to the employees in dealing with        their service grievances. (2) Judicial courts because of their heavy preoccupation, long pending nad backlog of cases,    costs involved and time factors could not offer the much needed remedy to the government    employees.                   (Different types of administrative tribunals)       (1)Central administrative tribunals       (2)State administrative tribunals.       (3)Joint adminstrative tribunals.             (Qualifications for appointment of chairman, vice chairman and members of tribunals) (1)To be appointed as chairman or vice-chairman, one has to be qualified to be a judge of high court ...

(Different role of training) (1)A basic input for performance. (2) An aid to attitudinal change. (3)An aid to increase productivity. (4)An important tool in the implementation of development plans.                                   (Significance of foundation training) (1)The foundational training is significant in that it provides exposure to the recruits      regarding fundamentals of the country's socio-economic realities, political environment,    ideology of the government and system of interrelationships between different organs, agencies of     the government, between citizens and administration etc. (2)It helps in developing 'camaraderie' and civi service comradship. (3)It considered on campus training where the civil servants undergo training under the same     atmosphere, which gives them an idea of commong li...

               (The need for having a central personnel agency) (1)Expansion in the tasks of government, which now has to undertake modernisation, development   programmes, converting the traditional administration into development administration. (2)Need to make the personnel working in organisatins professional masters of the work as the    administrative system depends on their effectiveness. (3)Creation of an institutional structure like central personnel agency for grooming such personnel   in a professional manner. (4)It shall be nodal agency for giving unified, central direction to personnel activities. (5)Important role assigned to the agency in formulating forward looking, dynamic personnel   policies and application of modern personnel practises.     (The recommendations of the ARC on the department of personnel) (1)Setting up of department of personnel with a secr...

           (The role of generalists in admin) (1)Policy formulation (2)Policy implementation (3)Integrating various viewpoints. (4)Rendering advise to the political activities. (5)Problem solving proess.                (Meaning  and role of specialists in admin) (1)Specialists are those who have knowledge in some particular field and are recruited to posts for which professional, scientific, technical or other specialist qualifications are required. (2)Specialists inputs are required in tacking complex and technical       problems of modern administration. (3)In programme planning in scientific and technical fields and in execution of such projects services of specialists are required. (4)They have an important role to play in policy formulation and decision making in the specialised   areas. (5) Their expertise is required in traditional areas of administrati...

             Meaning and importance of classification   Classification is the grouping of various positions having similar duties and responsibilities in one class. classification of services is important   because it           (1)Brings some orderliness into the system and ensures uniform treatment to those who are grouped together on certain criteria. (2)Determined the duties, responsibilities, qualification requirements,   salary structure, authority to be vested etc. (3)Determines the operational jurisdiction of the services and the nature of   the responsibility to be discharged.         (Four advantages of the classification of services) (1)Facilitates proper division of work. (2)Remove arbitary standards. (3)Promotes employee motivation. (4)Ensures effective manpower planning and utilisation. (5)Lays down uniform work standards. (6)Speeds up the recruitmen...

        (The basis of position of bureaucracy in UK and the USA) (1) In the UK, laws framed by the parliament regarding the organisation and   regulation of matters concerning the bureaucracy from its basis. (2) In the USA, the basis of position of bureaucracy is determined partly by    the statues and acts passed by the congress and also by the president through instructions and orders within the framework of laws.               (The sources through which bureaucracy derives authority in India) (1)Constitution (2)Parliamentary legislations (3)Rules and regulations issued within the framework of statues.   (Emerging trends relating to the widening base of Indian bureaucracy) (1)Increase in the entry of candidates to schedules castes, schedules tribes , other backward castes into the civil services. (2)Due to the spread of educational facilities in the country side, the urban    ho...

  Types of bureaucracy (1) The guardian bureaucracy (2) The caste bureaucracy (3) The patronage bureaucracy (4) The merit bureaucracy Characteristics of bureaucracy (1)Division of labour (2)Hierarchy (3)System of rules (4)Role specificity (5)Rationality (6)Impersonality (7)Rule orientation (8)Neutrality Role of bureaucracy Reasons for growing importance of bureaucracy in recent years. (1)Increasing population (2)Industrial development (3)The growing need of welfare of people. (4)Multifarious activities of modern state (5)Rising expectations of people. Demerits of bureaucracy   (1)Unresponsive to popular demands and desires.   (2)Diffusion of responsibility.   (3)Excessive redtapism or undue formalism.   (4)Lack of dynamism, adventurism and forwar-looking vision.   (5)Self perpetuating   (6)Empire building   (7)Lack of accountability.   (8)Concern for routine and trivial matters.

        (Developmental functions and the growingrole of specialists in the public services) (1)The government has assumed the larger responsibility of achieving security and well being of the    citizens, for this purpose, skills and expertise of public services is needed. (2)Public services bridges the gap between the formulation and implementation of the policies (3)Civil services is responsible for establishing and strenghtening the conditions required for    economic development, maintenance of law and order, development of infrastructure facilities etc. (4)Civil services is responsible for modifying the resource structure of the country. (5)Increasing development functions and aspirations of the people calls for new specialism, new    techniques, new methods in public administration. (6)Number of specialists in administration is constantly increasing.                 ...